Environmental Geochemistry of Copper

Environmental Geochemistry of Copper Nwankwo Chihurumnanya Belema February, 2017 This report was aimed at providing an insight into the environmental geochemistry of copper (Cu). It gave a brief overview of the occurrence of copper and areas in which it is located globally. It went on to discuss its various physical and chemical properties, after which it evaluated the extraction and processing techniques which are used to recover Cu. The diverse uses of Cu in various industries were also looked at, and then the wastes generated during the Cu processing were discussed. The vast routes of Cu pollution in the environment were also analysed, and the toxicity of Cu in humans, animals, aquatic species and micro-organisms were appraised. Lastly, the standards put together to curb Cu exposure and toxicity were equally identified. The quantity of copper beneath the Earths surface is approximately 50 parts per million (ppm) and it occurs as large star-like structures (Emsley, 2011). It takes different natural forms in the likes of cuprite which is a copper(I)oxide mineral, malachite and azurite which are copper carbonates, as well as chalcocite and chalcopyrite which are copper sulphides (McLemore Mullen, 2004). These various copper-bearing minerals and their distinctive copper percentages are shown in Figure 1. It is argued that the distribution of Cu and Zinc (Zn) are quite similar to that of Pb (Lead) (Franklin, Gibson, Jonasson, Galley, 2005), however, further studies show that this is majorly predominant in roadside soils (Bakirdere Yaman, 2008). In the current advancing world, recycling has proven to be a reliable alternate source of copper (Gomez, Guzman, Tilton, 2007). Another key source of copper is skarns, which form by hydrothermal fluid reactions in high temperature igneous environments, usually above 2500C (Hammarstrom, 2002).      Ã‚   Figure 1. Various copper-bearing minerals and their copper percentages (Emsley, 2011). 2.1 EXTRACTION Copper is normally extracted or mined in the form of copper sulphides in 0.4 -1.0% Cu-containing porphyry copper deposits from massive open pit mines (Melchiorre Enders, 2003), as shown in Appendix A-1. Various mining sites of copper around the world include the USA which has the El Chino Mine in New Mexico and the Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, as well as Chuquicamata in Chile (Crowson, 2012). In 2005, the British Geological Survey highlighted that Chile produced about one-third of the worlds copper, making them the top copper producer globally in front of USA, Indonesia and Peru respectively (Nishiyama, 2005) as seen in Appendix A-2. An in-situ heap leaching process is one feasible technique for copper recovery, as most sites in Arizona have implemented this technique with recorded successes (Dreisinger, 2006). Since the inception of copper extraction for thousands of years, the last two decades have accounted for more than half of copper extraction (Martinez-Alier, 2001). It is pro posed that over 1014 tons of copper exists in the Earth crusts top kilometre which could last up to 5 million years based on current extraction rates. Nonetheless, the extraction of these vast reserves of copper is limited by current technologies and prices, making only a little portion of it to be economically feasible to exploit (Camus Dilles, 2001). 2.2 PROCESSING It is typical for the ore in mining operations to be concentrated, thereby making the processing methods to be dependent on the nature of the ore (Sadowski, Jazdzyk, Karas, 2003). Ores like chalcopyrite which are sulphide copper minerals are usually crushed and ground to release the important minerals from the waste, and then beneficiated using mineral flotation (Peng, Grano, Fornasiero, Ralston, 2003). The next process involves smelting the sulphide concentrates in furnaces to yield matte, which is then converted and refined to give anode copper before the last stage of electrolysis comes in (Biswas Davenport, 2013). Due to environmental and economic factors, there is always a reclamation of the by-products during the processing of copper, just like the turning of sulphur dioxide into sulphuric acid (Agrawal, Sahu, Pandey, 2004). Any copper ores which are oxidised during the refining process are treated through hydrometallurgical extraction (Biswas et al, 2013). A flowchart of t he extraction, processing and manufacturing is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. A flowchart illustrating copper extraction, processing and manufacturing (BGS, 2007). 2.3 PROPERTIES Copper is the 29th element on the periodic table in Group 11 with symbol Cu, and it is a ductile, malleable and soft metal that possesses high electrical (59.6106 S/m) and thermal conductivity (401 W/(m.K) (BGS, 2007). Native copper usually has a reddish-orange colour when exposed to air as shown in Figure 3. It has a face-centred cubic crystalline structure, with density of 8.96 g/cm3 at room temperature (Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Aguilar, 2013). This solid element has a boiling point of 2567 0C and melting point of 1083 0C (BGS, 2007). Copper reacts with oxygen when exposed to air to form a protective layer of copper-oxide, which prevents the metal from corrosion, unlike in iron (Fe) (Balamurugan Mehta, 2001). Various alloys of copper exist including brass (copper and zinc) and bronze (copper and tin), amongst many others (BGS, 2007). Figure 3. Native copper in its natural form (BGS, 2007). 2.4 USES 60% of copper is used for electrical wires and cables, 20% for plumbing and roofing, 15% for industrial equipment and 5% for use as alloys of bronze and brass (Ayres, Ayres, Rà ¥de, 2003) as seen in Figure 4 and Appendix A-3. It is also used as an antibiofouling agent to regulate plant and shellfish growth, and also has antimicrobial function as fungicides and nutritional supplements in the agricultural sector (Pelletier, Bonnet, Lemarchand, 2009). Its use also cuts across folk medicine for bracelets that relieve arthritis, as well as its use for compression clothing suggested to treat certain ailments (Richmond, 2008). It also serves as a wood preservative, musical instruments, especially the brass instruments like gongs and string instruments like guitars and pianos (Sachs, 2012). Its use is also predominant in the beverage industry for distilling spirits like whisky (Lu Gibb, 2008). Figure 4. Various uses of copper in different industries. Data from (CDA, 2016). 2.5 DISCARDING Copper could be recycled from its raw state and also from produced materials, and it ranks as the third most recycled metal behind iron and aluminium as seen in Figure 5 (Agrawal et al., 2004). About 80% of all globally extracted copper is still in use currently, probably because the recycling process is similar to the extraction process, only with the exception of few steps (Biswas et al, 2013). Scrap copper of high purity is melted in a furnace, and afterwards reduced and cast into ingots and billets; while those of lower purity are electroplated in sulphuric acid (BGS, 2007). Certain bacteria like Pseudomonas fluorescens and Chromobacterium violaceum aid in copper degradation (Faramarzi, Stagars, Pensini, Krebs, Brandl, 2004). Figure 5. Discarding of copper in recycling unit (Giordanos Recycling, 2012). 2.6 WASTE Slag wastes, as shown in Figure 6 are usually the by-products after copper refining processes, and the Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex in Iran produces over 370,000 tons of slag waste annually (Khorasanipour Esmaeilzadeh, 2016). These slag wastes are deemed to be multi-elemental contaminants with very high toxicity, and pose anthropogenic risks to the natural environments (Ashley, Lottermoser, Chubb, 2003). However, in weathering environments, their toxicity is somewhat reduced as low soluble glass compounds, oxides and silicates encapsulate them (Khorasanipour et al, 2016). These slags act as environmental contaminants through leaching and weathering processes of potentially toxic elements (Luo, Yu, Zhu, Li, 2012). It is suggested that 1 ton of copper could generate about 2.2 3 tons of slag waste, and worldwide copper slag production is about 24.6 million tons (Hammarstrom, 2002). However, smelting slag wastes serve as useful additives for abrasive, construction and building material s (BGS, 2007). Figure 6. A piece of copper slag waste (CDA, 2016). 2.7 POLLUTION Due to continuous increase in global copper production, more copper ends up in the environment as shown in Figure 7 (BGS, 2007). Wastewater that have copper have been deposited at the river banks while the air has also been polluted with copper through combusting fossil fuels (Luo et al., 2012). These copper held up in the air then fall back as rain, alongside dumped slag waste which then contaminate the soil (Wong, Li, Thornton, 2006). Some natural routes of copper pollution are sea spray, forest fires, decaying vegetation and wind-blown dust (Ashley et al., 2003). Human contributions include mining, as well as phosphate fertilizer, metal and wood production (Raufflet, Barin Cruz, Bres, 2014). Figure 7. Environmental effect of copper pollution (123RF, 2016). 2.8 TOXICITY Copper levels above 2.0 mg/l in drinking water is suggested to be lethal to humans as highlighted in Figure 8, however, this also depends on the source of contamination (Zietz et al., 2003). It could cause eye irritation, lung disease, dermatitis, upper respiratory tract infection, acute renal failure, liver damage and death in humans (Blanusa, et al, 2005). The oligodynamic effect poses toxicity to bacteria in even little levels of copper (Shrestha, et al, 2009). For aquatic species, it affects their nervous system, kidney, liver and gills, as well as their sense of smell which hinders their usual mating process (Kiaune Singhasemanon, 2011). Figure 8. Major symptoms of copper poisoning in the human body (Asian Metal, 2016). 2.9 STANDARDS There are several standards and specifications that are necessary for proper handling and exposure to copper (BGS, 2007). Amongst these are the Unified Numbering System (UNS), as well as ASTM Standard Designation for Wrought and Cast Copper and Copper Alloys (CDA, 2016). The permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 1 mg/m3 time-weighted average (TWA) for copper dusts is being set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which also tallies with the recommended exposure limit set by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (OSHA, 2016). However, the level that is immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) is 100 mg/m3 TWA (Fthenakis, 2003). For copper fumes, the OSHA and NIOSH exposure limits are set at 0.1 mg/m3 TWA (Coble, Lees, Matanoski, 2001), however, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) sets their threshold limits at 0.2 mg/m3 TWA (Cohen Powers, 2000). Copper is normally a reddish-orange polycrystalline, ductile, malleable and soft metal with high electrical and thermal conductivity (Ayres et al., 2003). It could be extracted from various minerals, as well as skarn deposits, landfills, waste dumps and open pit mines (Emsley, 2011). The use of copper also spans across the electrical, architectural, plumbing, industrial, jewelry, agro-allied, microbiological, music and beverage industries (CDA, 2016). The major method through which copper could be discarded is deemed to be recycling, although certain bacteria aid in its mobilization (Agrawal et al., 2004). The processing of copper also involves several stages that cut across crushing, grinding, mineral flotation, smelting, conversion, refining and finally electrolysis (Peng et al., 2003). At the end of these processes, slag wastes are generated and have the potential to cause damage to the environment (Khorasanipour et al, 2016). It has also been found to be very toxic in humans and animals, causing damage to the liver, skin, lungs and kidney (Zietz et al., 2003). To this effect, OSHA and NIOSH are two of many other organizations that have set certain standards and exposure limits to curb its toxic effects (OSHA, 2016). After gaining an understanding of the environmental geochemistry of copper, it can be seen that its exploitation and mining remain very vital for daily activities in various sectors. However, the standards that have been set by OSHA and NIOSH should be taken into consideration to mitigate any environmental and health impacts that may be associated with its exposure. Furthermore, regions with very high copper reserves like Chile should also ensure that mine sites are effectively protected from having direct contact with the environment. References       123RF. (2016). Contaminated mine water pollution of a copper mine exploitation. Retrieved from https://www.123rf.com/photo_24914808_contaminated-mine-water-pollution-of-a-copper-mine-exploitation.html Agrawal, A., Sahu, K., Pandey, B. (2004). Solid waste management in non-ferrous industries in India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 42(2), 99-120. Ashley, P. M., Lottermoser, B. G., Chubb, A. J. (2003). Environmental geochemistry of the Mt Perry copper mines area, SE Queensland, Australia. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 3(4), 345-357. https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/03-014 Ayres, R. U., Ayres, L. W., Rà ¥de, I. (2003). Copper: Demand and Disposition. In The Life Cycle of Copper, Its Co-Products and Byproducts (pp. 59-100). Springer. Bakirdere, S., Yaman, M. (2008). Determination of lead, cadmium and copper in roadside soil and plants in Elazig, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136(1-3), 401-410. Balamurugan, B., Mehta, B. (2001). Optical and structural properties of nanocrystalline copper oxide thin films prepared by activated reactive evaporation. Thin Solid Films, 396(1), 90-96. BGS. (2007). Copper. Retrieved from www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1410 Biswas, A. K., Davenport, W. G. (2013). Extractive Metallurgy of Copper: International Series on Materials Science and Technology (Vol. 20). Elsevier. Blanusa, M., Varnai, V. M., Piasek, M., Kostial, K. (2005). Chelators as antidotes of metal toxicity: therapeutic and experimental aspects. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 12(23), 2771-2794. Camus, F., Dilles, J. H. (2001). A special issue devoted to porphyry copper deposits of northern Chile. Economic Geology, 96(2), 233-237. CDA. (2016). Copper Applications. Retrieved from https://www.copper.org/applications/ Coble, J. B., Lees, P. S., Matanoski, G. (2001). Time trends in exposure measurements from OSHA compliance inspections of the pulp and paper industry. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 16(2), 263-270. Cohen, H. J., Powers, B. J. (2000). Particle size characterizations of copper and zinc oxide exposures of employees working in a nonferrous foundry using cascade impactors. AIHAJ-American Industrial Hygiene Association, 61(3), 422-430. Crowson, P. (2012). Some observations on copper yields and ore grades. Resources Policy, 37(1), 59-72. Dreisinger, D. (2006). Copper leaching from primary sulfides: Options for biological and chemical extraction of copper. Hydrometallurgy, 83(1), 10-20. Emsley, J. (2011). Natures building blocks: an AZ guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. Faramarzi, M. A., Stagars, M., Pensini, E., Krebs, W., Brandl, H. (2004). Metal solubilization from metal-containing solid materials by cyanogenic Chromobacterium violaceum. Journal of Biotechnology, 113(1), 321-326. Franklin, J. M., Gibson, H., Jonasson, I., Galley, A. (2005). Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 98, 523-560. Fthenakis, V. M. (2003). Overview of potential hazards. Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2. Giordanos Recycling. (2012). New Jersey Non-Ferrous Metals Recycling Service. Retrieved from http://www.giordanosrecycling.com/non-ferrous-metals.php Gomez, F., Guzman, J. I., Tilton, J. E. (2007). Copper recycling and scrap availability. Resources Policy, 32(4), 183-190. Hammarstrom, J. M. (2002). Environmental geochemistry of skarn and polymetallic carbonate-replacement deposit models. Khorasanipour, M., Esmaeilzadeh, E. (2016). Environmental characterization of Sarcheshmeh Cu-smelting slag, Kerman, Iran: Application of geochemistry, mineralogy and single extraction methods. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 166, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.03.015 Kiaune, L., Singhasemanon, N. (2011). Pesticidal copper (I) oxide: environmental fate and aquatic toxicity. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 213 (pp. 1-26). Springer. Lu, S., Gibb, S. W. (2008). Copper removal from wastewater using spent-grain as biosorbent. Bioresource Technology, 99(6), 1509-1517. Luo, X., Yu, S., Zhu, Y., Li, X. (2012). Trace metal contamination in urban soils of China. Science of The Total Environment, 421422, 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.020 Martinez-Alier, J. (2001). Mining conflicts, environmental justice, and valuation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 86(1), 153-170. McLemore, V. T., Mullen, K. E. (2004). Mineral resources in Taos County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook, 55, 383-390. Melchiorre, E. B., Enders, M. S. (2003). Stable isotope geochemistry of copper carbonates at the Northwest Extension Deposit, Morenci district, Arizona: implications for conditions of supergene oxidation and related mineralization. Economic Geology, 98(3), 607-621. Nishiyama, T. (2005). The roles of Asia and Chile in the world copper market. Resources Policy, 30(2), 131-139. Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Aguilar, C. (2013). Microstructure and properties of copper deformed by accumulative roll-bonding. OSHA. (2016). Copper dusts and mists (as Cu). Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_229300.html Pelletier, É., Bonnet, C., Lemarchand, K. (2009). Biofouling growth in cold estuarine waters and evaluation of some chitosan and copper anti-fouling paints. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(7), 3209-3223. Peng, Y., Grano, S., Fornasiero, D., Ralston, J. (2003). Control of grinding conditions in the flotation of chalcopyrite and its separation from pyrite. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 69(1), 87-100. Raufflet, E., Barin Cruz, L., Bres, L. (2014). An assessment of corporate social responsibility practices in the mining and oil and gas industries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 84, 256-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.077 Richmond, S. J. (2008). Magnet therapy for the relief of pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (CAMBRA): A randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial. Trials, 9(1), 1. Sachs, C. (2012). The history of musical instruments. Courier Corporation. Sadowski, Z., Jazdzyk, E., Karas, H. (2003). Bioleaching of copper ore flotation concentrates. Minerals Engineering, 16(1), 51-53. Shrestha, R., Joshi, D. R., Gopali, J., Piya, S. (2009). Oligodynamic action of silver, copper and brass on enteric bacteria isolated from water of Kathmandu Valley. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 10, 189-193. Wong, C. S. C., Li, X., Thornton, I. (2006). Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals. Environmental Pollution, 142(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.004 Zietz, B. P., Dieter, H. H., Lakomek, M., Schneider, H., Keßler-Gaedtke, B., Dunkelberg, H. (2003). Epidemiological investigation on chronic copper toxicity to children exposed via the public drinking water supply. Science of the Total Environment, 302(1), 127-144. APPENDIX A-1. Types of Copper Deposits Source: (BGS, 2007) APPENDIX A-2. TOP COPPER PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD Source: (BGS, 2007) APPENDIX A-3. APPLICATION OF COPPER IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SECTORS Source: (BGS, 2007)      

A Modern Day Sleeping Beauty

Once upon a time there lived a young couple who had found true love and were bound together by fate. His name was Brian and hers was Melody. They lived it the beautiful city of Anchorage, Alaska. Brian was a C-17 Pilot stationed at Elmendorf AFB and Melody a 1st grade teacher at local school. Melody was a beautiful sight; her body was athletic, her hair fell over her shoulders and was highlighted to the most beautiful blonde, her skin was flawless and her eyes were blue but not an ordinary blue; like a tropical ocean and they sparkled like the water when the sun hit it. Brian wasn’t so bad himself. He was what all girls dreamed prince charming to be. He was tall and worked out often; his muscles could be seen through his shirt, his hair was dark, his skin tan, and one could get lost in his piercing green eyes. Brian and Melody spent every chance they had together outside of their busy schedules. They went on evening walks together and early morning jogs. They sat on their front porch and watched the sun rise and set in the beautiful snow covered Mountains of Anchorage. Most weekends the couple would make time for dinner and a movie. Brian and Melody were made for each other. Even a stranger could clearly see the love they had for each other would never die. (Sight & Touch) It was a cold brisk night in late December; the weather had changed in a matter of hours. The wind rose with a backing wind, it brought a clouded sky and a heavy snowstorm with it. A pallor of winter evening seemed to have closed upon the city, cloaking it in a blanket of snow. Brian and Melody were returning home after eating dinner at the Olive Garden and watching the movie â€Å"The Black Swan†. They had enjoyed their night out at dinner and a movie. The aroma of garlic wafted through the air from the white styrofoam box filled with Sicilian Scampi and the delightful flavor of light buttery popcorn remained in their mouths as if they were still indulging on it. The weather brought the worst driving conditions; (Sight) everything around them seemed to disappear in a thick white haze through which large snowflakes of snow were flying; the sky merged with the earth. (Hear) The wind blew with freezing blasts and such force it howled around the car as it faded out the music playing over the radio. The vehicle swayed while Brian fought to regain the road that was now a snowdrift burying the yellow and white painted lines. The challenging road conditions were inviting collision as other cars overtook the wrong side of the road and had a complete disregard for speed limits. Brian deeply concentrated and felt comfortable driving his 4 wheel drive Rubicon in these conditions. Breaking his concentration; Melody frantically shouted, â€Å"Brian, that truck, he is in our lane†! Brian didn't have time to react, â€Å"Crash†. The airbags deployed while the jeep flipped end over end and slid on the white blanket of snow that was once the road. The jeep came to a stop landing on its roof, the windows were busted out and the headlights shinned directly at the truck that had hit them. The Ford F-150 sat upright sideways in the road. It took a moment for Brian to come to reality with what had just happened. He glanced over at his wife who still sat there restrained, unconscious and bleeding severely from her head. He could hear the sirens of an Ambulance and Fire Truck off in the distance. Before he knew it he and Melody were being rushed to the hospital in an Ambulance. Brian lay there in the back of an Ambulance suffering only minor injuries. Melody lay across from him. Time seemed to stand still while he watched the Paramedics try to revive his wife. He shouted at the Paramedics, â€Å"do something, do something! † â€Å"Please do something; please don’t let my wife die! † They arrived at the hospital in what seemed to take hours to Brian. The Paramedics were able to get Melody’s heart beating but she was still unconscious. Brian paced back and forth up and down the hospital halls as his wife underwent surgery. The Dr. finally came out and said, â€Å"I have good news and bad, your wife seems to be stable but she is in a coma that could be indefinite. † â€Å"Indefinite†, Brian shouted! The Dr. attempted to calm Brian and Explained, â€Å"I can't promise that she won't wake up but it may take a miracle. She could wake up tomorrow, she could wake up in a month or she could be a Modern day Sleeping Beauty†. The following months felt like years to Brian. Melody lay there in a deep sleep and Brian remained by her side. Brian would speak to her softly while clasping her hand or pinching er fingers; He would tell her he loved her and beg her to wake up. He played songs the couple had danced to from their wedding and read to her from her favorite books. Often Brian would run his hands through Melody’s long blonde hair admiring her beauty dreaming of a future they had planned. The Dr. ’s showed little hope that Melody would ever wake up but Brian never gave up believing. Six long Months had passed and summer had come. Brian was at his last wit and desperate. One late night Brian said a prayer for his wife as he did every night before. Then he leaned over her bedside and pleaded, â€Å"Melody if you can hear me, please just give me a kiss. † What happened next was beyond Brian’s wildest dreams. To his shock Melody responded; slowly she turned her head towards his, puckered up her lips and gave him the smallest kiss. At that moment fate was sealed tightly, bound by one simple kiss and they lived happily ever after. â€Å"You can’t stop fate; â€Å"Whatever will be, will be†. Life presents unavoidable risks. You can’t stop the fate of True Love; it is also unavoidable. True Love is worth believing in and True Love never dies.

The Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On The Food...

Humans are born with the natural tendency to aid one another through mediums such as being proactive on social as well as ethical issues. When one compares this natural tendency to the industries of today, one see’s this voluntary behaviour in a deliberate and compelled act by most involved, which is truly known as Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is known to be the voluntary model that is not only used by many businesses, but industries themselves to self-regulate their active compliance with the law, ethical standards within their respective sectors alongside achieving their economical success. CSR initiatives may contain consumer’s welfare and providing them with true knowledge of products, animal welfare, employees welfare as well as reducing environmental impacts. 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Lipton Tea†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 2.1 The Rainforest Alliance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............4-5 2.2 Threats and challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6-7 2.3Best and Worst Practices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7-8 3. Concluding Remarks/ Suggestions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦8 1. 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Corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is a popular debate topic over decades, has divided into five major dimensions over time. They are known as the stakeholder dimension, the social dimension, the economic dimension, the voluntariness dimension and the environmental dimension in research (Dahlsrud, 2008). The relationship between CSR and company’s performance, which is classified as the stakeholder dimension, aroused a controversialRead MoreThe Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethic at the Leadership Level of Companies1691 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is corporate social responsibility (CSR)? According to the  ¡Ã‚ ®Wikipedia ¡Ã‚ ¯ ,  ¡Ã‚ °Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a company s obligation to be accountable to all of its stakeholders in all its operations and activities with the aim of achieving sustainable development not only in the economical dimension but also in the social and environmental dimensions. ¡Ã‚ ±(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility retrieved:10/09/07); another definition is that  ¡Ã‚ °CSR is about how companiesRead MoreThe Link Between Corporate Social Responsibility And The Competitive Advantage Of A Company1332 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this essay is to show that the link between Corporate Social Responsibility the competitive advantage of a company is often viewed to be positive if environmental limits, social needs corporate interests are all coordinated within the given framework (Porter Kramer, 2011). 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The Secret to Effective Communication - 1283 Words

Every day people face challenges like getting and giving correct information to other people. Everyone tries to be excellent communicators, but sometimes people fail to receive the correct message. The term ‘communication’ originates from the Latin word communicare, which means to share or impart. Actually, communication is a process that engages at least two people between sender and receiver. Communication plays an important role in establishing ideas, needs and concerns later to start a common understanding between the sender and receiver. Few studies have been done on the topic of communication and prove that almost 70 to 80% of every individual’s time is spent on communication. According to Management Training Development (MTD) (2010), communication is defined as an â€Å"art and the process of creating and sharing ideas† (p. 9). There are four stages to ensure the communication process flows effectively: sender expresses the message, message is trans mitted through the medium, and the recipient interprets the message and recipient returns feedback to the sender (Finkelstein, 2002) (see Figure 1 in Appendix 1). The first stage in the communication process begins when the sender has an idea. Sender refers to the person who starts a communication. Sender first chooses the right type of message, which is the information that a sender wants to express. 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In the articles â€Å"The Secrets of Great Teamwork† by Martine Haas and Mark Mortensen and La Vida Robot by Joshua Davis, both authors demonstrate their knowledge and perspectives on what it takes to make an effective team. In the article â€Å"The Secrets of Great Teamwork† the authors Martine Haas and Mark Mortensen develop their own perspectives on what it takes to make an effective team. They believe that both that the success of a team depends on theRead MoreThe Marketing Of Buzz Marketing1627 Words   |  7 PagesMarketers have been investing a great deal of time in more nontraditional marketing techniques, like buzz marketing. Buzz marketing has been increasing faster than any other area of alternative marketing. The power of buzz marketing is far more effective than any traditional marketing methods. However, to create a buzz about a product, marketers must first be successful in bringing forth the product to its consumers. It is very crucial that professionals are able to appeal to consumers in a mannerRead MorePromoting E Governance : An Era Of Information Exchange1048 Words   |  5 PagesScholar, Department of Laws, Panjab University Chandigarh. Abstract e-Governance initiatives and Right to information (RTI) have been implemented for subtle change in global attitudes. Across the world, these two initiatives with information and communication technologies (ICTs) have ushered an era of information exchange; changing political, economic, and social structure forever. e-Governance and right to information (RTI) are being recognised as potential tools of empowerment. Right to informationRead MoreSkills, Traits, And Characteristics Of A Successful Entrepreneur1210 Words   |  5 Pagesable to problem-solve and improve a business. An entrepreneur should be risk tolerance, ability to make decisions in the midst of uncertainty (The Mind Tool Editorial Team, n.d.). 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